The layout of a graphic novel takes into consideration the size of panels and the and how other elements can emphasize important details and help the story flow. Look for these elements:
PANEL (a combination of image and text in a single instance, a snapshot)
FRAME (lines and bordersthat contain a panel)
GUTTER (space between framed panels)
BLEED (images that extend out of their frame or onto another page)
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Figures, including characters and symbolic objects, are used to portray both emotion and action. Consider these elements:
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ACTION demonstrates the behavior of the character, as well as movement of the plot. Action can be an indicator emotion. For example,
 hands shown palms out = fearhands over the mouth = fear, shamehands over the eyes = discomfort or grief |
feet turned in feet = embarrassmentfeet accompanied by motion strokes = panic, urgency, speed |
The "weight" of a visual element focuses the eye and helps readers to determine the important information.
CONTRAST and PATTERNS draw the eye to key elements.
SHADING evokes mood and invites readers to "look" beyond what is evident in the artwork.
COLOR choices can evoke mood and color pops can draw the reader's attention.
PERSPECTIVE invites the reader to view a scene from a particular point of view. The placement of figures guides readers to consider details.
The EXTREME CLOSE-UP demands a reader's attention.
Figures in the FOREGROUND of a panel are closest to the viewer and invite the reader to focus. They are most often the subject of any action or text displayed.
Figures in the MIDDLE GROUND offer a natural resting place for the eye and provide context for the subject's actions or words.
Figures in the BACKGROUND offer the reader additional information and are generally skimmed over in the reading of the novel. Some artists use this location to provide important clues or foreshadowing.
Text is used to provide information that cannot be easily provided through illustration.
CAPTIONS accompany panels and are used in setting the scene or explaining ideas or emotions that are not evident in the graphics.
SPEECH BALLOONS provide space for both external and internal dialogue.
SOUND EFFECTS are provided through special effect lettering and fonts that mimic the sound being made.
Learn more about the interesting art of graphic sound effects!
- The 15 Most Iconic Comic Book Sound Effects by Brian Cronin, CBR.com
- KATCHOW! How to Write Sounds in Comics by Greg Uyeno, Slate
- Break the Silence: How Comics Visualize Sound by Eric Wong, Sequart